Abraham Lincoln Delivered A Speech Essay - 1763 Words

Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech that was called the 2nd inaugural address on March 4, 1865, during his 2nd inauguration as President of the United States. Lincoln called the problem an issue that challenged the country about 4 years prior, acknowledged slavery was the real cause of the war and the suffering caused by the war. He acknowledges hope for the end of the conflict and urges Americans to strive for peace.In November 1863, President Abraham Lincoln was invited to deliver the Gettysburg Address, at the National Cemetery of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. On the site of one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Though he was not the featured speaker that day, Lincoln’s speech would be remembered as one of the most important speeches in American history. In it, he calls on the principles of human equality contained in the Declaration of Independence and connected the sacrifices of the Civil War with the desire for a new birth of freedom and all-important preservation of the Union created in 1776 and its ideal of self-government. Habeas Corpus, or the Great Writ, is the legal procedure that keeps the government from holding you without showing cause. When you challenge your detention by filing a habeas corpus petition, the executive branch must explain to an equal judge its justification for holding you. Habeas corpus prevents the King from simply hide subjects in and throwing away the key. The Founders of our nation believed Habeas Corpus was so essential toShow MoreRelatedThe Second Inaugural Address By Abraham Lincoln852 Words   |  4 PagesAddress† by Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865. Lincoln delivered his address as the Civil War was drawing to a conclusion and the final ends towards slavery. His address was to thousands of spectators, but was intended for a national and international audience. Some of the conspirators involved with Lincoln’s assassination such as John W ilkes Booth, George Atzerodt, and John Surratt were present in the crowd during the inauguration. Abraham LincolnRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1163 Words   |  5 Pages Four score and seven years ago... These are the famous words that start Abraham Lincoln s famous Gettysburg Address from November 19, 1963, which was an inspiring speech regarding equal rights. This speech was delivered during a time when much of the country was at odds on the very topic of slavery and equal rights for all men. In the 1860’s, equal rights were a hot button issue. Slavery was a major point of debate during Lincoln’s run for presidency in 1860. The debate over equal rightsRead MoreEssay on I have a dream748 Words   |  3 Pageslanguage and style of King’s speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. The speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† was delivered by Martin Luther King on the occasion of the centenary celebrations of Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation on 28th August 1963. The speech was dramatically delivered on the steps of Lincoln Memorial and it was witnessed by about two million people. This speech is often considered to be one of the greatest and notable speeches in history and the top American speech of the 20th century. A carefulRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address And I Have A Dream Speech Analysis759 Words   |  4 Pages† a speech written by Abraham Lincoln, and Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech states the importance of freedom and equality. Martin Luther King message to his audience In order to communicate their message of freedom and equality, Martin Luther King and Abraham Lincoln used allusions in their speeches. One major similarity in their use of allusions is their reference to the Constitution of Declaration of Independence. Yet, a difference is that King alludes to the Bible while Abraham LincolnRead MoreA Short Analytical Paper of Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"a House Divided†914 Words   |  4 Pagesof Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"A House Divided† The House Divided Speech was addressed by Abraham Lincoln on June 1958. He delivered the speech upon his acceptance of Illinois Republican Party’s nomination as the senator of the state. Thus the speech became a very important launching campaign for his success in politics thus giving him a national limelight that saw him in the elections to the presidency in 1860.The speech primarily addressed on the issue of slavery in America. Abraham Lincoln deliveredRead MoreLincolns Emancipation Proclamation Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 to April 14, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States and is regarded as one of America s greatest heroes due to his role as savior of the Union and emancipator of the slaves. His rise from humble beginnings to achieving the highest office in the land is a remarkable story. He was suddenly and tragically assassinated at a time when his country needed him to complete the great task remaining before the n ation. His eloquence of democracy and insistence thatRead MoreLincoln And Abraham Lincolns I Have A Dream Speech956 Words   |  4 PagesJr. asserted, â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that.† Martin Luther King Jr. was an astute abolitionist who performed a vital speech called I Have a Dream. There is another well-known speech just like this one by Abraham Lincoln called The Gettysburg Address. After attentively analyzing, comparing, and contrasting these two fundamental speeches in history, the readers have developed a question: how are these speaker’s perspectivesRead MoreKings Speech By Martin Luther King, Jr.805 Words   |  4 Pagesprimary source that is presented through a speech. It was co-written and delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr., an American Baptist minister, spokesperson and social activist who led U.S. Civil Rights Movement from the mid-1950s until 1968 where he was assassi nated. He was also the leader the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a group committed to achieving equality for African-Americans through peaceful protests. Although he had protested and delivered several speeches, he wanted this oneRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1564 Words   |  7 Pages Abraham Lincoln Research Paper During the Civil War, was Abraham Lincoln the cause or the cure? Abraham Lincoln, the man that hit right path toward life while earning respect. He worked hard most of his life and at law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a presidentRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1542 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Who was the Greatest President that ever lived! Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was a very well respected man at an early age. He worked hard most of his life and worked hard in law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a president, Lincoln’s

King Hammurabi of Babylonia - Biographical Profile

King Hammurabi was an important Babylonian king known best for an early law code, that we refer to by his name. He united Mesopotamia and turned Babylonia into an important power. Some refer to Hammurabi as Hammurapi Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi is now synonymous with his code of laws, referred to as the Code of Hammurabi. Five columns of the stele on which his laws were written (inscribed) have been erased. Scholars estimate the total number of legal judgments contained on the stele when it was intact would have been around 300. The stele may not actually contain  laws, per se, as judgments made by Hammurabi. By recording the judgments he made, the stele would have served to testify to and honor King Hammurabis acts and deeds. Hammurabi and the Bible Hammurabi may have been the Biblical Amraphel, King of Sennaar, mentioned in the Bible book of Genesis. Hammurabi Dates Hammurabi was the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty -- about 4000 years ago. We dont know for sure when -- during a general period running from 2342 to 1050 B.C. -- he ruled, but the standard Middle Chronology puts his dates at 1792-1750. (Put that date in context by looking at the major events timeline.) [Source] Military Accomplishment of Hammurabi In the 30th year of his reign, Hammurabi removed his country from vassalage to Elam by obtaining a military victory against its king. He then conquered the land west of Elam, Iamuthala, and Larsa. Following these conquests, Hammurabi called himself King of Akkad and Sumer. Hammurabi also conquered Rabiqu, Dupliash, Kar-Shamash, Turukku (?), Kakmum, and Sabe. His kingdom extended to Assyria and northern Syria. More Accomplishments of Hammurabi In addition to being a warrior, Hammurabi built temples, dug canals, promoted agriculture, established justice, and promoted literary activity.

Top 10 Inventions in Ancient Human History

Herman Miller Case Study Essay - 3539 Words

Herman Miller 1. Do a 5 Forces analysis of the office furniture industry. In Porter’s Five Forces Model, the forces are listed as Risk of Entry, Bargaining Power of Suppliers, Bargaining Power of Buyers, Threat of Substitutes, and Rivalry among Established Firms. For Herman Miller, the rivalry between the established firms is high, and the most important force in their industry. Design is the key feature in the furniture industry, so the company that can come out with new and favored designs will win out in market share and profits. The company that is able to continually win the design battle will have the opportunity to establish brand loyalty and clout, creating a buffer for future downfalls in the economy, entry of new†¦show more content†¦3. What are the key industry life-cycle factors in the office furniture industry, and how should Herman Miller respond? The office furniture life cycle is a mature industry that has been established since the earlier part of the twentieth century. As such, the factors that affect Herman Miller are ones that affect industries within a mature industry. The main factors that affect Herman Miller are its ability to minimize costs, adjust to volatile changes in demand, and to maintain its brand loyalty. Throughout its history, Herman Miller has used a system of employee empowerment to develop new ideas that would, in the long run, minimize costs and increase profitability. Committees were created that could share ideas on improvement, as well as a plan for employee. As time went on, this structure was updated, but the core idea remained the same; giving employees platforms with which to share their ideas on how to better the company. Herman Miller also began a policy with which employees became shareholders within the company. The benefits of empowering the employees are obvious. With this policy it became possible for employees to recognize areas that might need improved that management might have missed. It gives the employees a sense of purpose that goes beyond their job, and has the employees tuned into the overall success of theShow MoreRelatedHerman Miller Case Study1175 Words   |  5 PagesHerman Miller Inc. Financial Analysis: Herman Miller Inc. Fiscal Years Ending | May 29, 2010 | May 29, 2009 | May 31, 2008 | June 2, 2007 | June 3, 2006 | |    |    |    |    |    | Profitability Ratios |    |    |    |    |    | Gross Profit Margin | 32.5% | 32.4% | 34.7% | 33.7% | 33.1% | Operating profit margin | 71.6% | 75.2% | 77.5% | 76.7% | 76.0% | Net Profit margin | 2.1% | 4.2% | 7.6% | 6.7% | 5.7% | Return on total assets | 6.5% | 12.2% | 21.8% | 21.4% | 16.9% | Return on stockholderRead MoreHerman Miller Company Case Study3089 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Herman Miller 1 herman miller case study 1.0 Internal Analysis 1.1 Timeline The Herman Miller Company operated as the Star Furniture Company in Michigan in 1905. It was named the Michigan Start Furniture Company in 1909. In 1919, Dirk Jan Du Pree became its president. In 1923, his father-in-law Herman Miller bought the majority shares in the company and it was renamed to the Herman Miller Furniture Company. Since then, under the leadership of Du Pree, the company has continuously adopted innovativeRead MoreHerman Miller Case Study Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesCase Six: Southwest Airlines Introduction Herman Miller has a deep-rooted history as a quality manufacturer of office furniture. The company has been recognized on Fortune’s â€Å"Most Admired Companies,† and â€Å"100 Best Companies to Word For† lists, as well as Fast Company’s â€Å"Most Innovative Companies† list (Shipper, Manz, Adams, Manz, 2011). Due to the company’s innate ability to reinvent itself, Herman Miller has been able to stay relevant through the years despite the great depression and severalRead MoreHerman Miller Case Study Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesNAME: Koray Kendir CASE 7: Herman Miller Inc.: The Reinvention and Renewal of an Iconic Manufacturer of Office Furniture 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION |Timeframe |Country(s) Involved |Key Individuals Titles |Company Type Size | | | | | | |1905 to present |United States |Brian WalkerRead MoreHerman Miller Inc Case Study Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees are often eligible to switch job positions within their companies. Even when employment is at will, permanent employees of large companies are generally protected from abrupt job termination by severance policies, like advance notice in case of layoffs, or formal discipline procedures. They may be eligible to join a union, and may enjoy both social and financial benefits of their employment. Lifelong employment facilitates long-term growth for employees, companies and industries. It developsRead MoreHerman Miller1502 Words   |  7 PagesSection 1: Problem Statement When Mike Volkema, CEO of Herman Miller, abruptly attempted to appoint Gary Van Spronsen to executive vice president of offer development and marketing, Volkema was hesitant to get involved. Since 1992, Van Spronsen had worked feverishly to build a leader in the office furniture industry in the Herman Miller subsidiary SQA. Not only did Van Spronsen create the traction that prompted better customer service, a tailored product line and design process, but he also transformedRead MoreThe Merger Of Two Competing Hospitals1265 Words   |  6 PagesThis case study is about the merger of two competing hospitals, Porter Regional Medical Center (PRMC) and Banner Regional Medical Center (BRMC). PRMC is located on the east side of town, the 188,000 square foot facility sits on 63 acres of land, and houses 110 hospital beds. BRMC is located on the west side of town, the 561,366 square foot facility contains 154 beds, and sits on 6 acres of land. BRMC is faced with the dilemma of aging faciliti es. It has been granted the funds to renovate the facilityRead MoreA New Ceo Of The New Hospital1214 Words   |  5 PagesThis case study is about two merging hospitals Porter Regional Medical Center (PRMC) and Banner Regional Medical Center (BRMC) that are merging together but were once competitors. PRMC is located on the east side of town which consisted on 110 hospital beds with 188,000 square feet of facility space and 63 acres of land. BRMC is located on the west side of town with 154 patient beds, with 561,366 square feet of space and 6 acres of land; however, BRMC faces the dilemma of aging facilities and isRead More Herman Miller. Essay795 Words   |  4 Pages Herman Miller: Role Model in Employee and Environmental Relations Case Summary and Questions for debate †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The company had been a model for almost 70 years – until the 1990’s EMPLOYEE RELATIONS †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Used as example of superb employee relations in business text books like onbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Passion for Excellence onbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 100 Best Companies to Work For in America †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;InterestingRead MoreThe Production Processes, Human Resources, Marketing, And Design Processes3169 Words   |  13 PagesHerman Miller has been in the business for over 90 years and is known for its innovation and design processes. Through more than a few name changes, changes in leadership, and difficult economic times, Herman Miller has managed to keep its hold on the market. It remains the leader in innovation and design processes by remaining committed to Research and Development and continues to commit to it even through rough financial times. There will be several areas of focus during this analysis including

The War between Fox News Channel and Obama Free Essays

The war between Fox News Channel and Obama began when Obama’s administration fired back against Fox, saying that Fox is ‘biased’ and not a ‘real news station’. Rahm Emanuel, the chief staff of president Obama said, â€Å"It is not a news organization so much as it has a perspective†. This dispute sparked controversial arguments from the public regarding the president’s decision to attack Fox channel. We will write a custom essay sample on The War between Fox News Channel and Obama or any similar topic only for you Order Now This also brings our attention to the news reporting channels like Fox and MSNBC. Are they really reliable? Are they ‘reporting’ the news, or simply giving their biased opinions? First of all, I do not think it is a good move for Obama and the White House to attack Fox news. For a president to attack a cable network is a very odd move to make because they are at a different status and levels in our society. Even though Obama’s claims might be true, I still feel that it is a bit arrogant to attack a person or organization that does not hold as much power as you. Furthermore, Obama is actually helping Fox’s ratings go up. Fox is receiving free publicity because the famous saying, ‘any publicity is good publicity’ is true. The public quarrel between Fox and the president brings up another concern and issue in journalism: the accuracy and quality of news reporting. Since I only moved to Boston a few months ago, I am not very familiar with the US news channels. I decided to compare Fox and MSNBC to see which network is less opinionated and biased. After a bit of research, I discovered that Fox is more conservative, and MSNBC is more liberal, however, both networks offer news and commentary. Their news stories are all very opinionated and their opinions are often influenced by their beliefs and values. This type of reporting is not ‘true’ reporting. Hopefully, people watch the Fox to be entertained, rather to be informed. True journalism should report both sides of the story, allowing readers themselves to feel what is right and what is wrong. Journalism should be a report of unbiased facts. Fox, MSNBC, and many other news networks will continue to be biased and opinionated in their news reports. What we can do as viewers, in attempt to avoid media bias, is to branch out and listen to a variety of news outlets, to learn to be well rounded in where we get our news. How to cite The War between Fox News Channel and Obama, Essays

Enforcement of Accounting Standards †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Enforcement of Accounting Standards. Answer: Introduction: Analysing over the financial terminology and techniques are required for every organization. It assists the company to analyze various aspects and the position of the comapny in terms of finance. Financial analysis could be done by the chief financial officer of an organization through using the various methods and the techniques. According to the Higgins (2012), financial analysis could be done through trend analysis, horizontal analysis, ratio analysis, capital budgeting analysis, capital structure analysis, cost of company analysis, WACC analysis etc. Further, it has also been found that analyzing the market and making a better decision according to the economy position is also required for a business. In this report, it has been analyzed that how the financial terminology and techniques assist an organization to make various better decisions. Further, it has also been analyzed that how the audited financial statements affects the decisions and the choices of the investors and financial analysts about the investment in the company. More, for preparing this report, Unilever Limited has been taken into consideration. The study of management and financial accounting has been done over the company to make better decision about the performance and the position of the company (Fulin, 2011). Firstly, the audited financial statement of the company has been analyzed and further, the study has been conducted over the various strategies and policies to analyze the performance of the company. This report would depict about the various problems which has been faced by the company and the way through which, these problems could be overcome by the company. Further, it has also been found that the management and financial accounting evaluation assist a company to make various better choices. Company and industry overview: Unilever N.V. is a consumer goods company. Headquarter of the company is in Britain. This company has various subsidiaries companies which are performing their operations into various other countries. The main products of the Unilever are beverages, food products, personal care products, cleaning agents etc. According to the current report, it has been found that this company is the largest company in segment of consumer goods. This company is one of the oldest global companies (Morningstar, 2017). Currently, this company is performing in 190 countries and the diversification of the company is still ongoing. Further, it has also been analyzed that the 400 brands are owned by this company and the turnover of the company was Euro 50 billion in 2016 (Engle and Hunton, 2015). Further, the study has been done over consumer goods industry of company and it has been found that this industry is continuously enhancing its business. Growth rate of consumer goods industry is quite attractive. F uture trends of the industry explain that position of the industry would be superior in near future. Further, the study has been done over financial statement of the company to analyze the performance and stability and profitability position of the company. This study has been done to analyze the position and the strategy of the company. In this report, various managerial accounting and financial accounting methods have been conducted over the company to analyze the performance and the position of the company (Elmuti and Kathawala, 2001). Following are the audited financial statement of the company: UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag INCOME STATEMENT Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data. 2014-12 2015-12 2016-12 Revenue 48436000 53272000 52713000 Cost of revenue 30229000 Gross profit 48436000 53272000 22484000 Operating expenses Sales, General and administrative 14683000 Total operating expenses 14683000 Operating income 48436000 53272000 7801000 Interest Expense 568000 Other income (expense) -40790000 -46052000 236000 Income before taxes 7646000 7220000 7469000 Provision for income taxes 2131000 1961000 1922000 Net income from continuing operations 5515000 5259000 5547000 Other -344000 -350000 -363000 Net income 5171000 4909000 5184000 Net income available to common shareholders 5171000 4909000 5184000 Earnings per share Basic 1.82 1.73 1.83 Diluted 1.79 1.72 1.82 Weighted average shares outstanding Basic 2841209 2837572 2840200 Diluted 2888827 2854070 2853900 EBITDA 7980000 7515000 9501000 UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag BALANCE SHEET Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data. 2014-12 2015-12 2016-12 Assets Current assets Cash Cash and cash equivalents 3382000 Short-term investments 599000 Total cash 3981000 Receivables 5310000 5034000 3329000 Inventories 4278000 Deferred income taxes Other current assets 7037000 7652000 2296000 Total current assets 12347000 12686000 13884000 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Gross property, plant and equipment 21207000 Accumulated Depreciation -9534000 Net property, plant and equipment 11673000 Equity and other investments 760000 Goodwill 17624000 Intangible assets 22174000 25059000 9809000 Deferred income taxes 1286000 1185000 1354000 Prepaid pension benefit 694000 Other long-term assets 12220000 13368000 631000 Total non-current assets 35680000 39612000 42545000 Total assets 48027000 52298000 56429000 Liabilities and stockholders' equity Liabilities Current liabilities Short-term debt 5266000 Capital leases 9000 Accounts payable 13788000 8591000 Taxes payable 1081000 1127000 1312000 Accrued liabilities 3655000 Other current liabilities 18561000 5104000 1723000 Total current liabilities 19642000 20019000 20556000 Non-current liabilities Long-term debt 10933000 Capital leases 134000 Deferred taxes liabilities 2061000 Accrued liabilities 159000 Pensions and other benefits 3947000 3254000 3867000 Minority interest 612000 643000 626000 Other long-term liabilities 10175000 12943000 1739000 Total non-current liabilities 14734000 16840000 19519000 Total liabilities 34376000 36859000 40075000 Stockholders' equity Common stock 484000 Additional paid-in capital 134000 Retained earnings 23179000 Accumulated other comprehensive income 13651000 15439000 -7443000 Total stockholders' equity 13651000 15439000 16354000 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 48027000 52298000 56429000 UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) Statement of CASH FLOW Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data. 2014-12 2015-12 2016-12 Cash Flows From Operating Activities Net income 5547000 Depreciation amortization 1464000 Stock based compensation 198000 Inventory 190000 Accounts payable -281000 Other working capital 142000 Other non-cash items 5543000 7330000 -213000 Net cash provided by operating activities 5543000 7330000 7047000 Cash Flows From Investing Activities Investments in property, plant, and equipment -1804000 Property, plant, and equipment reductions 158000 Acquisitions, net -1701000 Purchases of investments -208000 Sales/Maturities of investments 173000 Purchases of intangibles -232000 Other investing activities -341000 -3539000 426000 Net cash used for investing activities -341000 -3539000 -3188000 Cash Flows From Financing Activities Debt issued 6761000 Debt repayment -5248000 Common stock repurchased Dividend paid -4081000 Other financing activities -5190000 -3032000 -505000 Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities -5190000 -3032000 -3073000 Effect of exchange rate changes -146000 -541000 284000 Net change in cash -134000 218000 1070000 Cash at beginning of period 2044000 1910000 2128000 Cash at end of period 1910000 2128000 3198000 Free Cash Flow Operating cash flow 5543000 7330000 7047000 Capital expenditure -2036000 Free cash flow 5543000 7330000 5011000 Through analyzing the above statement of the company, it has been found that the position of the company has been enhanced in last 3 years. Through the analysis over the statement of the company, it has been found that various changes have taken position into the performance of the company. Through the income statement of the company, it has been found that the revenues of the company have been highest in 2015. Further, it has also been found that the net income of the company is highest in 2016 (Dyckman and Zeff, 2014). More, through this study, it has also been found that the earnings of the company are highest in 2016. Through the entire evaluation over the income statement of the company, it has also been found that the performance and the profitability position of the company have been enhanced in last 3 years. For analyzing the performance of the company in a decent way, trend analysis and vertical analysis study has also been done over company. (Calculations have been given in appendix). Through the vertical analysis calculations, it has been found that income statement of the company expresses that the level of expenses of the company has been lower from 2015 and 2014 in 2016 in context of total revenues of the company. Further, the analysis explains that net income of the company has also been enhanced in 2016. The current net profit margin of the company is 9.83% which used to be 9.21% in 2015 (Deegan, 2017). Further, the horizontal analysis of the company explains that the changes are quite higher in the income statement of the company. The gross profit of the company has been lower in 2016 by 57.79%. Though, the expenses of the company has also been lower and lastly, the analysis over net profit of the company explains that the total profit of the company has been enhanced by 5.90% in 2016. And it expresses that the position of the company has been superior from last 2 years. Further, the balance sheet of the company has been evaluated and it has been found that the total assets of the company have been highest in 2016. Further, it has also been found that the total liabilities of the company are highest in 2016 (Du and Girma, 2009). More, through this study, it has also been found that the total stockholders equity of the company is highest in 2016. Through the entire evaluation over the balance sheet of the company, it has also been found that the performance and the profitability position of the company have been enhanced in last 3 years (Deegan, 2013). In addition, for analyzing the performance and worth of the company, trend analysis and vertical analysis study has also been done over company. (Calculations have been given in appendix). Through the vertical analysis calculations, it has been found that balance sheet of the company expresses that the level of current assets of the company has been enhanced from 2015 and 2014 in 2016 in context of total assets of the company. Further, the analysis explains that shareholder equity of the company has been lowered a bit in 2016. On the other hand, total liabilities of the company have also been enhanced and depict about a better position of the company. Further, the horizontal analysis of the company explains that the changes are quite higher in the balance sheet of the company. The total assets of the company have been enhanced in 2016 by 7.9% (Appendix). Though, the total liabilities of the company have also been enhanced by 8.73% and lastly, the analysis over total shareholder equity of the company explains that the enhancement rate of equity of the company is 7.90% in 2016. And it expresses that the position of the company has been superior from last 2 years (Deegan, 2013). Lastly, the cash flow statement of the company has been evaluated and it has been found that the total operating cash flow of the company have been highest in 2016. Further, it has also been found that the investing cash flow of the company is lowest in 2016. More, through this study, it has also been found that the total financing activities of the company is lowest in 2016 (De Haan and Amtenbrink, 2011). Through the entire evaluation over the cash flow statement of the company, it has also been found that the performance and the profitability position of the company have been enhanced in last 3 years. Evaluation of financial performance: Further, the evaluation study has been done over the financial data of the company to evaluate the performance of the company and it has been analyzed that the following changes have taken place into the position of the company in last 3 years: Financial Data Description Unilever Limited (Euro) 2014 2015 2016 Revenue 4,84,36,000 5,32,72,000 5,27,13,000 Cost of goods sold - - 3,02,29,000 Gross profit 4,84,36,000 5,32,72,000 2,24,84,000 Operating profit 4,84,36,000 5,32,72,000 78,01,000 Net profit 51,71,000 49,09,000 51,84,000 Inventory - - 42,78,000 Current assets 1,23,47,000 1,26,86,000 1,38,84,000 Receivables 53,10,000 50,34,000 33,29,000 Current liabilities 1,96,42,000 2,00,19,000 2,05,56,000 Payables - 1,37,88,000 85,91,000 Equity 1,36,51,000 1,54,39,000 1,63,54,000 Total liabilities 3,43,76,000 3,68,59,000 4,00,75,000 Total assets 4,80,27,000 5,22,98,000 5,64,29,000 Description Formula Unilever Limited 2014 2015 2016 Profitability Net margin Net profit/revenues 10.68% 9.21% 9.83% Return on equity Net profit/Equity (Arnold, 2013) 37.88% 31.80% 31.70% Liquidity Current ratio Current assets/current liabilities 0.63 0.63 0.68 Quick Ratio Current assets-Inventory/current liabilities 0.63 0.63 0.47 Efficiency Receivables collection period Receivables/ Total sales*365 40.01 34.49 23.05 Payables collection period Payables/ Cost of sales*365 103.73 Asset turnover ratio Total sales/ Total assets 1.01 1.02 0.93 Solvency Debt to Equity Ratio Debt/ Equity 2.52 2.39 2.45 Debt to assets Debt/ Total assets 0.72 0.70 0.71 (De Haan and Amtenbrink, 2011) Through, the above analysis of the company, it has been found that the liquidity position of the company has been changed from 2014 in 2016. This analysis depict that the current position of the liquidity of the company has been changed and it has been better in 2016 (Deegan, 2013). Further, it has also been found that the profitability position of the company has been changed from 2014 in 2016. This analysis depict that the current position of the profitability of the company has been changed and the current position of the company has been lowered in 2016 than 2014 and 2015 (Bertomeu, Darrough and Xue, 2017). More, the efficiency position and solvency position of the company has also been analyzed and it has been found that the efficiency position of the company has been better than last years (Davies and Crawford, 2011). The cash conversion cycle of the company has also been better. More, it has been found that the working capital of the company has also been better in 2016. Lastly, the solvency position of the company has also been analyzed and it has been found that the debt position, equity positive, total assets position etc of the company has been improved in 2016 than last 3 years (Brealey, Myers and Marcus, 2007). Through the above analysis, it has been found that the performance and the position of the company on various levels have been better (Borio, 2014). Still, the company is suggested to make few changes into the performance of the company. Further, the strategic position of the company has been analyzed and for analyzing the strategic position of the company, trend analysis has also been done over the company. Following are the calculations of the strategic position of the company: UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag INCOME STATEMENT Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data. 2014-12 2015-12 2016-12 Revenue 48436000 9.98% 53272000 -1.05% 52713000 Cost of revenue 30229000 Gross profit 48436000 9.98% 53272000 -57.79% 22484000 Operating expenses Sales, General and administrative 14683000 Total operating expenses 14683000 Operating income 48436000 9.98% 53272000 -85.36% 7801000 Interest Expense 568000 Other income (expense) -40790000 12.90% -46052000 -100.51% 236000 Income before taxes 7646000 -5.57% 7220000 3.45% 7469000 Provision for income taxes 2131000 -7.98% 1961000 -1.99% 1922000 Net income from continuing operations 5515000 -4.64% 5259000 5.48% 5547000 Other -344000 1.74% -350000 3.71% -363000 Net income 5171000 -5.07% 4909000 5.60% 5184000 Net income available to common shareholders 5171000 -5.07% 4909000 5.60% 5184000 Earnings per share Basic 1.82 -4.95% 1.73 5.78% 1.83 Diluted 1.79 -3.91% 1.72 5.81% 1.82 Weighted average shares outstanding Basic 2841209 -0.13% 2837572 0.09% 2840200 Diluted 2888827 -1.20% 2854070 -0.01% 2853900 EBITDA 7980000 -5.83% 7515000 26.43% 9501000 UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag BALANCE SHEET Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data. 2014-12 2015-12 2016-12 Assets Current assets Cash Cash and cash equivalents 3382000 Short-term investments 599000 Total cash 3981000 Receivables 5310000 -5.20% 5034000 -33.87% 3329000 Inventories 4278000 Deferred income taxes Other current assets 7037000 8.74% 7652000 -69.99% 2296000 Total current assets 12347000 2.75% 12686000 9.44% 13884000 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Gross property, plant and equipment 21207000 Accumulated Depreciation -9534000 Net property, plant and equipment 11673000 Equity and other investments 760000 Goodwill 17624000 Intangible assets 22174000 13.01% 25059000 -60.86% 9809000 Deferred income taxes 1286000 -7.85% 1185000 14.26% 1354000 Prepaid pension benefit 694000 Other long-term assets 12220000 9.39% 13368000 -95.28% 631000 Total non-current assets 35680000 11.02% 39612000 7.40% 42545000 Total assets 48027000 8.89% 52298000 7.90% 56429000 Liabilities and stockholders' equity Liabilities Current liabilities Short-term debt 5266000 Capital leases 9000 Accounts payable 13788000 8591000 Taxes payable 1081000 4.26% 1127000 16.42% 1312000 Accrued liabilities 3655000 Other current liabilities 18561000 -72.50% 5104000 -66.24% 1723000 Total current liabilities 19642000 1.92% 20019000 2.68% 20556000 Non-current liabilities Long-term debt 10933000 Capital leases 134000 Deferred taxes liabilities 2061000 Accrued liabilities 159000 Pensions and other benefits 3947000 -17.56% 3254000 18.84% 3867000 Minority interest 612000 5.07% 643000 -2.64% 626000 Other long-term liabilities 10175000 27.20% 12943000 -86.56% 1739000 Total non-current liabilities 14734000 14.29% 16840000 15.91% 19519000 Total liabilities 34376000 7.22% 36859000 8.73% 40075000 Stockholders' equity Common stock 484000 Additional paid-in capital 134000 Retained earnings 23179000 Accumulated other comprehensive income 13651000 13.10% 15439000 -148.21% -7443000 Total stockholders' equity 13651000 13.10% 15439000 5.93% 16354000 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 48027000 8.89% 52298000 7.90% 56429000 (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013) Through the above analysis, it has been found that this company is required to enhance the total current assets to manage the liquid position of the company (Brigham and Michael, 2013). Further, the chief financial officer of the company is required to evaluate the internal and external aspect and the market situation to make a better position of the company in the market. The costing of the product must be enhanced by the company to manage the revenues of the company (Brigham and Houston, 2012). Further, it has also been analyzed that the cash flow of the company is negative and thus the financial officer of the company must make the new strategies and policies to manage the cash conversion cycle of the company (Bromwich and Bhimani, 2005). This would help the comapny to enhance the cash flow of the comapny as well. More, through the above analysis, it has also been found that the various positions of the company have been changed in last 2 years (Brown, Preiato and Tarca, 2014). More, it has been found that the new policies and strategise are required to be done by the chief financial officer to manage the position of the company and this new policies would also help the company to make the performance of the company better (Bui, Petersen, Poulsen and Gazerani, 2016). Conclusion: Further, through this study, it has also been found that this company is required to enhance the total current assets to manage the liquid position of the company. Further, the chief financial officer of the company is required to evaluate the internal and external aspect and the market situation to make a better position of the company in the market. The costing of the product must be enhanced by the company to manage the revenues of the company. Further, it has also been analyzed that the cash flow of the company is negative and thus the financial officer of the company must make the new strategies and policies to manage the cash conversion cycle of the company. This would also help the comapny to enhance the cash flow. More, through the above analysis, it has also been found that the various positions of the company have been changed in last 2 years. More, it has been found that the new policies and strategise are required to be done by the chief financial officer to manage the position of the company and this new policies would also help the company to make the performance of the company better. Uniliver NV is managing its business and the performance in improved manner and few changes into position of the company would help the company more t increase the position of the company in the market. References: Arnold, G., 2013.Corporate financial management. Pearson Higher Ed. Bertomeu, J., Darrough, M. and Xue, W., 2017. Optimal conservatism with earnings manipulation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(1), pp.252-284. Borio, C., 2014. The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?. Journal of Banking Finance, 45, pp.182-198. Brealey, R., Myers, S.C. and Marcus, A.J., 2007. FundamentalsofCorporate Finance. Mc Graw Hill, New York. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, F., and Houston.J. 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Brigham, F., and Michael C. 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Bromwich, M. and Bhimani, A., 2005.Management accounting: Pathways to progress. Cima publishing. Brown, P., Preiato, J. and Tarca, A., 2014. Measuring country differences in enforcement of accounting standards: An audit and enforcement proxy. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 41(1-2), pp.1-52. Bui, S.B.D., Petersen, T., Poulsen, J.N. and Gazerani, P., 2016. Headaches attributed to airplane travel: a Danish survey. The journal of headache and pain, 17(1), p.33. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011. Business accounting and finance. Pearson. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011.Business accounting and finance. Pearson. De Haan, J. and Amtenbrink, F., 2011. Credit rating agencies. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2017. Twenty five years of social and environmental accounting research within Critical Perspectives of Accounting: Hits, misses and ways forward. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 43, pp.65-87. Du, J. and Girma, S., 2009.Source of finance, growth and firm size: evidence from China(No. 2009.03). Research paper/UNU-WIDER. Dyckman, T.R. and Zeff, S.A., 2014. Some methodological deficiencies in empirical research articles in accounting. Accounting Horizons, 28(3), pp.695-712. Elmuti, D. Kathawala, Y. 2001. An overview of strategic alliances.Management Decision,vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 205-217. Engle, T.J. and Hunton, J.E., 2015. Retraction: The Effects of Small Monetary Incentives on Response Quality and Rates in the Positive Confirmation of Account Receivable Balances. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice Theory, 34(3), pp.201-201. Fulin, S. 2011. Preface by SHANG Fulin. Corporate Governance of Listed Companies in China, 9-10. Gitman, L.J. and Zutter, C.J., 2012.Principles of managerial finance. Prentice Hall. Higgins, R. C., 2012.Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Morningstar. 2017. Unilever NV. Retrieved from https://financials.morningstar.com/income-statement/is.html?t=UNregion=usaculture=en-US available as on 26th Nov 2017.

Personality Traits and Chronotype on People †Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Association of Personality Traits and Chronotype on Peoples Procrastination about Going to Bed. Answer: Introduction The tendency to procrastinate is a problematic and prevalent occurrence among all individuals. Children procrastinate, youths do it and adults are not left behind also. Procrastination happens in a wide range of activities. Figures indicate that 46 % of students in colleges are reported to procrastinate on various academic responsibilities (Oginska and Oginska-Bruchal, 2014). About 10 % of the adults within the population are chronic procrastinators. The problem with procrastination, as studies indicate is that procrastinators perform poorly within work activities and even in academic achievements. Procrastination does not only revolve around workplaces, academic responsibilities or in the assigned tasks but also during the time one is required to go to bed. This is commonly referred to as bedtime procrastination. The definition of bedtime procrastination is the failure to go to bed within the time that is intended when there are no external circumstances preventing the individual fr om doing so. People worldwide do not get adequate sleep as they are required. The current society is the kind which burns candles at both ends. Individuals are awake all night working, studying and having fun. According to Kroese, Evers, Adriaanse and de Ridder (2016), there are serious physical and mental health consequences for people with insufficient sleep. Research indicates that insufficient sleep plays part in memory and concentration problems of individuals, obesity and cardiovascular problems (Killgore, 2014). Due to these problems arising from bedtime procrastination, most research studies have concentrated on trying to understand factors that determine sleep behavior. Most studies have related bedtime procrastination to sleeping disorders, working nightshifts and other external factors. This leaves a gap as to whether chronotype and personality of persons influences bedtime procrastination. This study however tries to address this gap by other studies by determining whether going or no t going to bed is associated with an individuals personality traits or chronotype. Studies have indicated that even though some people would like to go to be early so that they may have enough sleep, they usually go to bed late. Personality traits of these individuals may be the cause of their procrastination. Kroese et al. (2016) found out that lack of sufficient sleep and the actual amount of hours one sleeps is related to self-regulation and personality. Self-regulation is a human trait which enables individuals to override responses so that they may live up to social as well as other standards. The personality traits make individuals appear as ether evening owls or morning larks. Randler (2008) suggested that five personality traits determine an individuals bedtime procrastination. The big five factor model identifies the personality traits as conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, neuroticism and extraversion. Despite the distribution of the big five inventory (BFI), very few studies have been carried out on the association between morningness- eveningness and bedtime procrastination. Randlers study indicates that agreeableness correlates with morningness in a correlation of zero-order; and conscientiousness best predicts chronotype. Randler (2008) defines chronotype as the behavioral manifestation which underlies myriad physical processes circadian rhythms. People are known to have a chronotype, where an individual sleeps during a certain duration of the 24-hour period. Oginska and Oginska-Bruchal (2014) point out that higher conscientiousness are morning types. In contrast to extraversion, individuals with conscientiousness traits are also diurnal types. Since most research studies have focused on the determinants of insufficient sleep and its effects, this study aims to establish a clear association of chronotype, personality traits as well as bedtime procrastination. Hypotheses It was hypothesized that bedtime procrastination would be positively correlated with openness and neuroticism, and negatively correlated with morningness, Conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness. Objective This study purposes to determine the relationship between bedtime procrastination, personality traits and chronotype. Research Question How does chronotype and personality traits relate to bedtime procrastination? Method Participants Participants were recruited into the study using an online workplace website which can be used to conduct research. The workplace employees are highly diverse than samples within the internet and they yield data of high quality in psychological research. There were three hundred and thirty individuals who participated in the survey: 58 males; 270 females, 1 identified as other and 1 missing sex data. The participants were aged between 18 and 64 (M=27.67 years, SD=9.88; median age 23 years). During analysis, data from ten individuals were excluded from the analysis, that is, ten participants whose sex data was missing. 17.58 percent of the remaining participants were male with an age of between 18-64 years and 82.42 percent were female in the same age bracket. This represents a standard deviation of 9.88 and a median of 23 years. Procedure The survey was displayed within the website and availed to those individuals who participated to initial tasks that were involved to ensure that data collected was of high quality. Task experimenter approved the completed tasks based on the reliability and accuracy judgement. Participants earned 70INR for completing a 20-min survey. Questionnaire The demographics included marital status (separated, single, married, and widowed), age, sex, ethnicity, employment status and education. The participants had to also indicate the number of children they live with who were below the age of five years. Bedtime procrastination was measured using and 9-item scale that was developed. Answers were provided on a five point scale that ranged from 1 (No) to 5 (daily). Sleep outcomes were also assessed. To assess hours of sleep, participants were asked to indicate the average number of hours they sleep during weekdays. This was answered using a 7-point scale that ranged from 10 hours. A single item (how many days are you tired every week?) was used to assess daytime fatigue. In order to assess experienced sleep insufficiency, one item was used (how many days a week do you sleep too little?). A five-point scale was used to measure the last two questions (0; 1-2; 3-4; 5-6; 7). Five personality traits were assessed using the small version of big five inventory (BFI). Based on the Neo-FFI, the shortened Neo-FFI scale was a 10-item questionnaire with two items for each personality dimension (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, neuroticism and conscientiousness). In order to assess bedtime procrastination, a bedtime procrastination scale was used as described by Kroese et al. (2016). Chronotype was assessed using the composite scale of morningness (Smith, Reilly Midkiff, 1989). Results Descriptive Statistics: Table 1: Participants Scores Bedtime Procrastination Scale had a total of 9 items. It was a Self-report measure that used 5-point Likert items where 1 = (almost) never and 5 = (almost) always. A mean score was derived from the 9 items where higher scores indicated higher levels of procrastination. The Composite Scale of Morningness had a total of 13 items. The Self-report measure that begins with the instruction: Please check the response for each item that best describes you. Each item has a unique set of Likert-type response options. The score were obtained by summing the items and had a possible range from 13 (extreme eveningness) to 55 (extreme morningness). The Neo-FFI used for personality traits had a total number of 60 items. There were 5 sub-scales with 12 items per trait scale. There was also a Self-report measure that used a 5-point Likert scale where 0 = strongly disagree, 1 =Disagree, 2 = Neutral, 3 = Agree, 4 = strongly agree. Scores for each of the 5 factors were obtained by summing participants responses on each of the 12 relevant items (some items are reverse coded). The possible range of scores for each factor is 0 to 48 where higher scores indicate higher levels of the named trait. Table 2 indicates result analysis. Table 2: Correlations of all Variables in the Study Discussions According to table 3 below, about 30 percent of the reported samples slept six hours or less during weekday nights. 84 percent felt that they slept very little once every week. 40 percent reported that they slept very little 3-4 days or more every week. These data confirms that there was insufficient sleep in the general population. The participants also had moderate bedtime procrastination levels (M = 2.8, SD = 0.8) showing that a large part of the population commonly experience this. Table 3: Correlation between Personality Traits Length of sleep during the week day r p N Openness 0.003 0.9 1033 Neuroticism 0.020 0.5 1033 Conscientiousness 0.227 0.0 1034 Agreeableness 0.096 0.0 1033 Extraversion -0.031 0.3 1035 According to the table above, there was also a significant association between personality and how long an individual sleeps during the week as well as on weekends as well as between personality traits and weekend. Important correlations can be seen between both agreeableness conscientiousness and sleep length during the day making suggestions that longer sleep duration can be linked with higher conscientiousness and agreeableness. The length of sleep on the weekend correlates in a positive manner with neuroticism. Conscientiousness is associated with too much sleep so long as it is not on a weekday. Lack of sleep during the day correlates negatively with conscientiousness and agreeableness but positively with extraversion. According to the results, age correlates negatively with morningness (r = _0.244, p 0.001, N = 1231). The association between personality traits and morningness eveningness was calculated first using the Pearson correlations of zero-order as well as second controlling for age through the partial correlations. In addition, men and women or rather adults were considered separately. There was positive relationship between morningness and conscientiousness, and morningness and agreeableness. The correlations remained important when age was controlled and when gender was examined separately. Openness and extraversion showed no association with diurnal preference. Eveningness was associated with neuroticism was related. When gender is considered separately, neuroticism is associated to eveningness in females. The correlation between agreeableness and chronotype remains only in younger participants but not in the older individuals, while the correlation with conscientiousness remains impor tant in the whole sample. In addition, correlation between neuroticism and eveningness is confirmed in the young participants. In conclusion, bedtime procrastination is positively correlated with openness and neuroticism, and negatively correlated with morningness (chronotype), Conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness. This basically indicates that personality traits and chronotype of an individual determines whether they have the tendency to procrastinate about going to bed. This implies that the worldwide problem of insufficient sleep that lead to severe repercussions for physical and mental health are as a result of factors that differ from person to person. References Killgore, W. (2014). Personality Traits Associated with Sleep Initiation Problems. J Sleep Disor: Treat Care, 03(01). https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2325-9639.1000127 Kroese, F., Evers, C., Adriaanse, M., de Ridder, D. (2016). Bedtime Procrastination: A self-Regulation Perspective on Sleep Insufficiency in the General Population. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(5), 853-862. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105314540014 Milfont, T. Schwarzenthal, M. (2014). Explaining why larks are future-oriented and owls are present-oriented: Self-control mediates the chronotypetime perspective relationships. Chronobiology International, 31(4), 581-588. https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.876428 Oginska, H. Oginska-Bruchal, K. (2014). Chronotype and Personality Factors of Predisposition to Seasonal Sleep Procrastination. Chronobiology International, 31(4), 523-531. https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.874355 Randler, C. (2008). Morningnesseveningness, sleepwake variables and big five personality factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(2), 191-196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.007 Smith, C., Reilly, C., Midkiff, K. (1989). Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 728-738. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.728